Amazi ari kwandura, ubutaka bukangirika: Ingaruka ku bidukikije zituruka ku ikoreshwa nabi ry’ifumbire mvaruganda

Muri iki gihe,mu Rwanda, ifumbire mvaruganda iri gukoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi  hagamijwe kongera  umusaruro no kwihaza mu biribwa. Kubera ibyo, abahinzi benshi bari kwisanga bagomba kuyikoresha nyamara batayisobanukiwe neza, bityo bagakora amakosa mu kuyishyira ku myaka. Ni mu gihe inzobere mu bidukikije ziburira bantu ko gukoresha nabi iyo fumbire bigira ingaruka zitagaragara ako kanya, ariko ziteje ibyago ku buzima bw’abantu no ku bidukikije.

Mu mudugudu utuje wa Nyakaguhu, uherereye mu kagari ka Kinini, umurenge wa Shyogwe mu karere ka Muhanga, Tereza Mukamwiza yari asanzwe abayeho mu busabane n’ibidukikije. Ariko ubu, aho atuye hafi y’igishanga cya Rugeramigozi, hahindutse ahantu h’ibyago bitagaragara. Imibu imaze kwiyongera ku rugero rutigeze rubaho, yugarije abaturage, bituma abarwara malariya muri aka gace barushaho kwiyongera.

Inzobere mu bidukikije zigaragaza impamvu itunguranye y’ubu bwiyongere ko ari igabanuka rikabije ry’ibikeri mu gishanga, ryatewe no gukoresha nabi no kurenza urugero imiti n’ifumbire mvaruganda bikozwe n’abahinga muri Rugeramigozi. Utu dusimba karemano ngo dusanzwe turwanya imibu, ariko ubu turagenda tuzimira, bigaha urwaho imibu ngo yororoke nta nkomyi mu mazi atava ahari. Ibi ntibigarukira kuri Mukamwiza n’abaturanyi be gusa; hirya no hino mu gihugu, gukoresha nabi imiti y’ubuhinzi n’ifumbire mvaruganda birimo kwangiza amazi, ubutaka n’ubuzima bw’abantu.

Ibinyabuzima biri kwangirika bucece

Gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda uko bitagenwe ni ikibazo cyugarije urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima n’ubuzima rusange nyamara kitagaragarira buri wese. Inzobere zigaragaza ko iyo fumbire yinjira mu butaka no mu mazi, bigahumanya amazi, bikica ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi ndetse bikangiza n’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi gahoro gahoro.

Dr. Apollinaire William, inzobere mu bijyanye n’imitunganyirize y’ubutaka, avuga ko iyo ifumbire ishyizwe ku butaka irenze urugero, hari itwarwa n’imvura ikajya mu migezi n’ibishanga, igahumanya ibinyabuzima byaho. Uwimana Marita, umushakashatsi mu bidukikije, yongeraho ko iyo  iyo fumbire iramutse igeze mu mazi y’ikidendezi, yangiza cyane ibinyabuzima biyarimo nk’amafi n’ibikeri, nyamara ari byo bifasha kugenzura urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Ati “Nk’ibikeri bisanzwe birya amagi y’imibu, bityo bigatuma itiyongera. Iyo byazimiye, imibu iriyongera bikabije.”

Ibyo ni byo byabaye ku gishanga cya Rugeramigozi cyari gisanzwe kirimo ibikeri byinshi, ariko ubu byazimiye. Ibyo byatumye malariya yiyongera cyane mu duce tugituriye kuko imibu idafite ikiyihiga, yororoka nta nkomyi. Ibi bibazo bigaragara no mu bishanga bya Bugarama na Cyamura byo mu karere ka Rusizi bihingwamo umuceli cyane, aho ibigo nderabuzima byo muri ako gace byagaragaje ko malariya yiyongereye mu buryo bugaragara. Ni mu gihe kandi Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ubuzima (RBC) cyanatangaje ko mu kwezi kwa mutarama 2025 honyine, mu Rwanda  habaruwe abarwayi ba malariya barenga ibihumbi 83, bigaragaza ukwiyongera gukabije kwa malariya, nubwo uko kwiyongera kutatewe gusa n’impamvu zishingiye ku iyangirika ry’ibidukikije.

Umushakashatsi, Uwimana avuga ko kororoka kw’ibikeri ari ikimenyetso by’ubuzima bwiza bw’ibidukikije. Iyo bipfuye bizize ibinyabutabire byo mu ifumbire mvaruganda yakoreshejwe nabi, imibu iriyongera bikabije, bityo malariya igakwira.

Kamana Eric, inzobere mu buzima rusange, ashimangira ko iyo amazi yo kunywa yandujwe n’ifumbire mvaruganda irimo ibinyabutabire nka ‘nitrate’ na ‘phosphate’, bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu, bigatera indwara zituruka ku mazi. Mugenzi we, Dr. Ngarukiye Vedaste we avuga ko ikibazo atari icy’ibidukikije gusa, ahubwo ari ikibazo cy’ubuzima rusange kuko ayo mazi yangiza n’urusobe rw’ibiribwa.

Ubutaka na bwo burugarijwe

Dr. William avuga ko gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda itongewemo ifumbire y’imborera bituma ubutaka bwangirika, bugacika intege vuba, cyane cyane mu misozi miremire. Nko ku misozi y’ibirunga, Anastase Nduwayezu, umukozi w’Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi ( RAB) avuga ko gukoresha cyane imiti n’ifumbire mvaruganda yonyine bituma ubutaka butakaza ibibutunga n’ireme ryabwo, bityo uko imyaka igenda ihita ntibube bugitanga umusaruro mwiza ndetse bukaba bwatwarwa n’isuri ku buryo bworoshye.

Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwa RAB bubigaragaza, iyo ifumbire mvaruganda ikoreshejwe nabi, igabanya uburumbuke bw’ubutaka mu gihe kirekire. Karinganire Eric, impuguke mu bukungu bw’ubuhinzi, asaba ko abahinzi bashishikarizwa cyane gukoresha ifumbire y’imborera, kuko yongera intungabutaka, igafasha n’ubuhinzi burambye.

Hari ibyo leta iri gukora

Minisitiri w’Ubuhinzi, Dr. Mark Cyubahiro Bagabe, agaragaza ko kuba mbere ifumbire yarakoreshwaga kimwe ku butaka bwose, byateje ibibazo. Ibi yabivuze ubwo yatangizaga sisitemu y’ikoranabuhanga ikoreshwa mu buhinzi n’ubworozi ( RwaSIS) mu ugushyingo 2024.  Minisitiri Cyubahiro Bagabe ati “Iyi sisitemu izafasha mu kumenya ubwoko bw’ubutaka butandukanye, bityo ifumbire igashyirwa aho ikenewe, hatabayeho kuyipfusha ubusa cyangwa kwangiza ubutaka”. Iyi RwaSISna ‘Smart Nkunganire System” (2025) byatangiye gutanga inama zihariye ku bahinzi ku ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mvaruganda hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga.

Guverinoma yashyizeho kandi gahunda zitandukanye nk’amashuri y’abahinzi mu murima (FFS) yatangijwe kuva muri 2014, aho abahinzi bahabwa ubumenyi bujyanye n’imikoreshereze y’ifumbire mvaruganda ku buryo burambye.

Pamphile Kagiraneza, inzobere mu buhinzi burengera ibidukikije, avuga ko hakenewe ubukangurambaga buhagije ku buryo abahinzi bose bamenya akamaro k’ifumbire y’imborera n’uko ikoreshwa neza.

Abahinzi benshi ntibarasobanukirwa ingaruka z’ifumbire mvaruganda

N’ubwo hari ibyago by’imikoreshereze mibi, gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda bikomeje kwiyongera mu Rwanda. Raporo y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda, igaragaza ko hagati ya 2022 na 2024, ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mvaruganda ryiyongereye cyane. N’ubwo ubutaka bwose bw’u Rwanda bungana na hegitari miriyoni 2.377, abarenga 56 ku ijana babukoresha mu buhinzi, ibyo bikaba bituma gucunga neza imikoreshereze y’ifumbire mvaruganda biba iby’ingenzi cyane.

Mu Rwanda, 85% by’ingo zo mu cyaro zihinga ubutaka butagera kuri hegitari imwe. Rukemampunzi Sam, impuguke mu by’ubuhinzi, yavuze ko ubutaka bwinshi muri ubwo buhingwa butameze neza, kandi ko akenshi abahinzi bashyiramo ifumbire mvaruganda bashingiye ku byo biboneye, aho gushingira ku nama z’abahanga mu bya siyansi.

Mariko Ntezimana, utuye mu murenge wa Cyeza mu karere ka Muhanga, amaze imyaka irenga icumi ahinga imyumbati, kandi avuga ko byatumye imibereho ye irushaho kuba myiza. Kubera ko adafite ubutaka buhagije, aba agomba kwatisha ubutaka akabuhingamo.

Ku bijyanye no gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, avuga ko abizi neza bitewe n’uko amaze igihe kirekire abikoresha. Icyakora, yongeyeho ati “sinigeze mpabwa amahugurwa kuri ibyo, kubera ko nta koperative n’imwe y’ubuhinzi mbamo. Nkurikiza gusa uko abandi babigenzaga.”

Abajijwe niba akoresha ifumbire y’imborera mu rwego rwo kubungabunga ubutaka, asubiza agira ati “Ifumbire ikora mu rwego rwo kubungabunga ubutaka ni nziza kuko imara igihe kirekire mu butaka. Icyakora, sinakunda kuyikoresha kubera ko kugira ngo igire icyo igeraho bisaba igihe. Kubera ko ubutaka nkoreraho atari ubwanjye, nkunda gukoresha imvaruganda mu buhinzi, kuko bituma neza vuba, ngasubiza ba nyir’ubutaka imirima yabo maze kunguka”.

Ntezimana si we wenyine udafite ubumenyi bukwiriye ku bijyanye n’uburyo bwo gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda mu buhinzi. Iki kibazo kivugwa kandi n’abahinzi baciriritse bahinga mu byaro bimwe byo mu turere twa Nyabihu, Burera, Rusizi na Nyaruguru, aho umunyamakuru wa Family Magazine yasuye bakaganira ku bumenyi bafite mu by’ubuhinzi burambye butangiza ibidukikije.

N’ubwo u Rwanda rumaze gutoza abahanga benshimu by’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, iyo bamwe mu bahinzi babajijwe niba bahabwa inkunga na bo, barasubiza bati “Rimwe na rimwe tujya twumva babavuga cyangwa tukabona bakorana n’abahinzi mu makoperative cyangwa abahinzi bakomeye. Ariko twe abahinzi b’intamenyekana, akenshi ntibatwitaho na gato”.

Kamanayo Eric, impuguke mu buhinzi  ati “ 70% by’Abanyarwanda bakora mu buhinzi, nyamara abenshi bishingikiriza ku bumenyi gakondo aho kwifashisha uburyo bugezweho” . Agaragaza ko n’abahinzi bato bashobora kubona mu buryo bworoshye ifumbire y’imborera, akenshi bayigurisha ku bahinzi bafite amasambu manini. Yongeyeho ati”Igikurikiraho ni uko abo bahinzi bato bisanga bagomba kwishingikiriza gusa ku ifumbire mvaruganda”.

Icyakora, abayobozi ba koperative COCAR, ihagarariye yibumbiyemo abahinzi b’umuceli mu gishanga cya Rugeramigozi mu murenge wa Shyogwe, mu karere ka Muhanga, kimwe n’aba koperative KOIMUNYA yo mu kagari ka Mashyuza, mu murenge ka Nyakabuye, mu karere ka Rusizi, bashimangira ko bashyira imbaraga mu kwigisha abahinzi gukoresha neza ifumbire mvaruganda.

Umwe mu bayobozi ba koperative KOIMUNYA ati “Iyo tubonye ko abahinzi batazi neza kuyikoresha, dufata igihe cyo kubigisha cyangwa, mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, tukayikoresha ubwacu nk’abayobozi b’amakoperative. Byongeye kandi, dukorana bya hafi n’abahanga mu by’ubuhinzi , abagoronome batanga ubufasha ku bahinzi, bakagenzura ko bakoresha neza iyo fumbire mvaruganda mu buhinzi bwabo.”

Nubwo bimeze bityo, abahinzi benshi bavuga ko batazi akaga gukoresha nabi ifumbire  mvaruganda bishobora guteza. Gahunda z’amahugurwa zishingiye ku bufatanye zirahari, ariko abahinzi bato benshi ntibari mu makoperative, bituma batagira amakuru y’ingenzi ku bijyanye no gukoresha neza ifumbire mvaruganda.

Mu nzira y’ubuhinzi butangiza ibidukikije

Ibiri kuba kuri Mukamwiza Tereza n’agace atuyemo, ni ikimenyetso cy’imbuzi. Mu gihe u Rwanda rutazafata ingamba zihuse zo kugenzura ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mvaruganda, ubuzima bw’abantu n’ubw’ibidukikije buzakomeza kwangirika. Gushyira mu bikorwa byimazeyo uburyo bwo guhinga burambye, butanga amahugurwa ku bahinzi, ni ngombwa kugira ngo hakumirwe ibyangiza ibidukikije.

Inzobere mu by’ibidukikije zivuga ko gushyira imbere ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mvaruganda mu buryo bwitondewe atari ngombwa ku bidukikije gusa. “Ni ikibazo cy’ubuzima bw’abaturage n’ubukungu buhamye. Guverinoma igomba gukora ku buryo abahinzi bose, baba abo mu makoperative cyangwa abandi, bahabwa amahugurwa akwiriye ku ikoreshwa ryiza ry’ifumbire mvaruganda”.

Eric Karinganire, umuhanga mu by’ubukungu mu by’ubuhinzi, ashimangira ko hakenewe uburyo bwo kwigisha abahinzi uko bakoresha neza ifumbire mvaruganda. Ati “ Ntabwo bihagije ko leta itegereza imishinga y’imiryango itegamiye kuri leta yo kwigisha abahinzi, cyane cyane ko iyi mishinga akenshi igera ku bantu bake batoranyijwe rimwe na rimwe basanzwe bifite”.

Ahubwo, asaba  ko habaho gahunda yo kwigisha ihoraho kandi ihuza abantu bose, abahinzi bose, hatitawe ku bunini bwabo cyangwa aho bakomoka.  Ati “Hakwiye kubaho uburyo buhoraho bwo kwigisha abahinzi bato n’abakomeye, baba abari mu makoperative cyangwa abakora ku giti cyabo”.

Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, uretse kuba hafi y’abahinzi mu mirima, Karinganire avuga ko hakoreshwa uburyo butandukanye bwo gutumanaho. Ati “Ibiganiro bisanzwe kuri radiyo, ubutumwa bwigisha ku mbuga nkoranyambaga na telefoni zigendanwa, ibiganiro byo gukangurira abantu mu nteko z’abaturage, ibyo byose ni ibikoresho bikomeye. Ndetse n’abacuruzi b’ifumbire mvaruganda bakagombye kwigishwa kugira ngo bagire abahinzi inama ku birebana n’uko bakoresha neza izo fumbire, nk’uko abacuruza imiti muri za farumasi babwira abarwayi uko bayikoresha.”

Agaragaza kandi ko gukomeza kugenzura imitere y’ubutaka binyuze mu kubupima kenshi na byo bizaba ingenzi mu kugabanya imikoreshereze y’ifumbire mvaruganda idakenewe. “Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere ubuhinzi butangiza ibidukikije, aho abantu bashishikarizwa gukoresha ingarani, imyanda ikomoka ku matungo n’imyanda ikomoka ku bimera bizatuma  bareka kwishingikiriza cyane ku ifumbire mvaruganda”.

Iyi nzobere kandi ivuga ko gushora imari mu bushakashatsi no guhanga udushya mu buhinzi bigomba kuba intego y’ibanze yo gushakisha uburyo bwo guhinga burambye bushobora gushyigikira umusaruro w’ubuhinzi  bw’igihe kirekire butangiza ibidukikije. Ngo hatagize igikorwa  mu buryo bwihuse, ubutaka bw’u Rwanda buhingwa buzakomeza kwangirika, bigire ingaruka ku mutekano w’ibiribwa no ku buzima bw’abaturage.

Ati “Byongeye kandi, abahinzi benshi bagomba gutozwa gukora no gukoresha ifumbire y’imborera, idakungahaza ubutaka gusa, ahubwo kandi itanga igisubizo cyiza ku kibazo cy’ikiguzi cy’ifumbire mvaruganda kigenda kizamuka”.

Kwigira ku bandi

Ibindi bihugu byagiye bikemura ibibazo nk’ibyo binyuze mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo  kumenya neza intuburamusaruro ubutaka bukeneye, bukaba bukubiyemo gukoresha ifumbire y’imborera ikomoka ku matungo no ku bimera. U Rwanda rushobora kungukirwa n’ubwo buryo mu gihe rwashishikariza abantu gukoresha iyo fumbire bashobora kubona hafi, aho kwishingikiriza cyane ku ifumbire mvaruganda ikomoka hanze kandi iza ihenze.

Urugero, mu Buhindi, leta yashyizeho gahunda yo gutanga amafaranga ya nkunganire mu  gukora ifumbire y’imborera, no kwigisha abahinzi akamaro kayo. Mu Burayi, hari amategeko akomeye agena ingano y’ifumbire mvaruganda yemewe kuri hegitari imwe, kugira ngo birinde kwangiza ibidukikije. Impuguke nka Dr. Ngarukiye Védaste avuga ko u Rwanda rukwiye gutekereza politiki nk’iyi mu rwego rwo guharanira iterambere rirambye ry’ubuhinzi.

Uwimana Marita, umushakashatsi mu by’ibidukikije ati “U Rwanda rufite amahitamo. Ahazaza h’ubuhinzi burambye bushingiye ku kumenya gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda neza, gushyiraho amabwiriza bijyanye ndetse no gushora mu buryo burengera ibidukikije n’ubuzima bw’abaturage. Guhitamo neza uyu munsi ni uguhitamo ejo hazaza heza.”

Telesphore KABERUKA